Porcelain Publishing / HNP / Volume 2 / Issue 1 / DOI: 10.47297/ppihnp2026020102
ARTICLE

Risk Factors for Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Shan Wang1 Xiaohui Ma2 Lei Liu1* Daqiu Wang1 Yingjie Wang3 Yikang Xu4 Meijie Wen5
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1 School of Nursing, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, Liaoning, China
2 Jiaokou County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lvliang 032400, Shanxi, China
3 Nursing Department, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning, China
4 Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110002, Liaoning, China
5 Operating Room-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
Published: 20 March 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Abstract

Objective: To comprehensively analyze the risk factors of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), clarify the association strength of emerging risk factors and gender differences, and provide evidence-based basis for the primary prevention of AMI. Methods: Following the PRISMA (Page et al., 2021) guidelines, In addition, hand searching of the reference lists of identified papers. An electronic search of CNKI, WanFang database, VIP, CBM, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase databases was performed from inception until June 2024. Results: One hundred and twenty-five studies were identified as suitable for inclusion in the analysis, of which 78 were case-control studies and 47 were cohort studies. In the metaanalysis results, 18 risk factors affecting the occurrence of AMI were identified, which are smoking, insufficient sleep time, or sleep time ≥ 9 h, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, family of coronary heart disease, BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, fibrinogen, uric acid, C-reactive protein, homocysteine, lipoprotein a, periodontal disease, depression, Helicobacter pylori infection, and migraine. Meanwhile, the analysis revealed gender differences in the effects of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, migraine, and AMI. Conclusion: The analysis showed a stronger association of these factors with AMI in women than in men. However, the reliability of this gender difference remains to be established. Intervening in these modifiable risk factors can significantly reduce the occurrence of AMI.

Keywords
Acute myocardial infarction
Risk factors
Review
Meta-analysis
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